【The Brain That Changes Itself】 by Norman Doidge, M.D.
＜原譯＞ p.45
「我決定與其教他困難的走路，還不如教他爬。我說：『你是從爬開始學走路的，你先爬一陣子。』…他的手和腳軟弱無力，不能支持他，所以一開始時，很困難。」一旦派德洛可以稍微支持自己一點後，喬治就要他… 我唯一的模式是嬰兒如此學會走路的。
＜原文＞ p.21
“I decided that instead of teaching my father to walk, I was going to teach him first to crawl. I said, ‘You started off crawling, you are going to have to crawl again for a while.’ … At first we held him on all fours, but his arms and legs didn’t hold him very well, so it was a struggle.” As soon as Pedro could support himself somewhat, George then… The only model I had was how babies learn.
＜試譯＞
「與其教我爸爸走路，我決定先讓他學著爬。我說：『小時候是先從爬學起，你要重新學著爬一陣子。』…他的手和腳軟弱無力，無法支撐著他，所以一開始時，很困難。」一旦派德洛可以稍微撐住自己一點後，喬治就要他…我唯一遵循的是嬰兒學會走路的模式。
＜譯評＞
1. 原譯中「決定與其」不合中文語法，讀起來很不通順。若把「decided」放到句子後半部來描述，應該會好些。
2. 原譯「從爬開始學走路」感覺很奇怪，是不是直接把「爬」說出來即可。另為了表示原本是會爬和走的，但現在要重新從「爬」學起，認為將again的意思譯出會表達的明確一點。
3. 原譯「手和腳…不能支持他」、「一旦派德洛可以稍微支持自己一點後」，將hold和support均翻為「支持」，在這裡是錯誤的語意表達，應該翻成「支撐」較符合文意。
4. 原譯將 “The only model” 翻為「我唯一的模式…」在前文中指出喬治不懂復健，所以不受當時的規則和模式所限制，因此在這裡 “The only model”指的應是喬治所遵照的概念是最簡單的人類成長自然法則。，因此覺得譯成「我唯一遵循的是嬰兒學會走路的模式。」應較為妥當。
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＜原譯＞ p.49
雖然在固化時期沒有顯著的進步可見，生理的變化是在內部發生，它使新的技術變的更自動化及更精緻。
＜原文＞ p.24
Though there was no apparent progress in the consolidation stage, biological changes were happening internally, as new skills became more automatic and refined.
＜試譯＞
雖然在固化時期沒有顯著的進步，但內在所產生的生理變化，使腦神經能更自動地連接，有更精緻的再生過程。
＜譯評＞
1. 原譯中「雖然在固化時期沒有顯著的進步可見」，「可見」顯得多餘。
2. 原譯將 “biological changes were happening internally, as new skills became more automatic and refined” 譯為「生理的變化是在內部發生，它使新的技術變的更自動化及更精緻。」感覺語意不清楚：「內部」指的是什麼東西的內部？「使新的技術變的更自動化及更精緻」指的又是什麼新的技術？在哪裡變的更自動化？什麼東西變的更精緻？
由於前面提的是大腦復健的「神經連接再生」有「高原現象」，需要「固化時期」好讓大腦適應並將新連接的神經線路固定。此句在本段的最後一句，覺得說的更明確、更清楚一些，當做是上述事件的小結。
※「高原現象」指的是事件在「高原區」所呈現的現象。
高原區plateau：是統計學上的名詞，指曲線上升到某個地步後，不再上升而維持原來高度。
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＜原譯＞ p.51
當施力茲的大腦發展出新的平衡感—或是盲人的大腦發展出新的神經迴路使他學會辨識物體、視知覺及動作—這些改變並非神秘、不知為何的例外，而是規則本身。感覺皮質本來就很有彈性，很有適應性，當施力茲的大腦學習去對人工的受體作反應時，它並不是作例外的事，它是在盡它的本分。
＜原文＞ p.26
When Cheryl’s brain developed a renewed vestibular sense—or blind subjects’ brains developed new paths as they learned to recognize objects, perspective, or movement—these changes were not the mysterious exception to the rule but the rule: the sensory cortex is plastic and adaptable. When Cheryl’s brain learned to respond to the artificial receptor that replaced her damaged one, it was not doing anything out of the ordinary.
＜試譯＞
施力茲的大腦發展出新的平衡感—或是盲人的大腦發展出新的神經迴路使他學會辨識物體、開始有視知覺，並能察覺周圍的動靜—這些改變並非不可思議的特殊事件，而是感覺皮質本身的靈活變通性和高度適應力所致。對大腦來說，施力茲學習對於替代的人工受體作出反應，是與生俱來的基本功能。
＜譯評＞
1. 盲人的大腦發展出新的神經迴路使他「學會辨識物體、視知覺及動作」—「學會辨識物體」是可以理解的，但若將「學會」套在「視知覺」和「動作」前，似乎不太符合中文的語法，因此建議應該以不同的動詞來連接，以幫助讀者瞭解。由於這裡指的是「盲人的大腦所發展出的新功能」，因此譯為「學會辨識物體、開始有視知覺，並能察覺周圍的動靜」。
2. 這些改變並非「神秘、不知為何的例外」，而是「規則本身」— 是原文的直譯，但易讓讀者摸不清頭緒，不知道所指的「不知為何的例外」是什麼？又有哪些「規則」？ “plastic”在此並非指「皮質本身所具有的彈性」，而是在說「感覺皮質很靈活、能夠適應環境而變通」。因此建議譯為「這些改變並非不可思議的特殊事件，而是感覺皮質本身的靈活變通性和高度適應力所致。」
3. 「它並不是作例外的事，它是在盡它的本分。」“out of the ordinary”意思是「不平常的」，沒有「例外」的意思，原譯與中文語法不合，語意也不清。在這裡作者指的應該是「施力茲的學習，是天生的自然反應。」
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＜原譯＞ p.51
它給了我們一個大腦用改變它自己的方式在這個善變的世界中存活下來。
＜原文＞ p.26
It has given us a brain that survives in a changing world by changing itself.
＜試譯＞
它給了我們一個能適應環境而改變運作的大腦，讓我們能存活在這個瞬息萬變的世界。
＜譯評＞
看原譯時想了好一下，實在不是很懂這句話的意思，查詢原文後才瞭解此句想表達的意思。畢竟這是在篇章中的最後一個句子，語焉不詳恐怕易讓讀者混淆原文書中想傳達的意思，是應該特別注意的地方。
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＜原譯＞ p.58-59
楊總是在找東西，因為她沒有心智地圖，一轉眼就忘記了那個東西，所以…。
＜原文＞ p.28
Barbara lost everything all the time. With no mental map of things in space, out of sight was literally out of mind, so…
＜試譯＞
楊總是找不到東西，因為她腦中沒有物品位置的空間地圖，視線範圍內沒看到的東西她就記不得，所以…。
＜譯評＞
1. 原文是 “lost everything all the time”，「在找東西」不太合於原意，譯為「找不到東西」較為妥當。
2. 在這裡 “no mental map of things in space” 指的是沒有「空間推理能力」，「無法推斷物品在空間中的位置」，譯為「沒有心智地圖」易讓讀者混淆語意，清楚說明似乎較為妥當。
3. “out of sight was literally out of mind” 譯為「一轉眼就忘記了那個東西」，感覺好像是她「記性不好，容易忘東忘西」的意思，實際上是在說她「腦中沒有空間地圖的概念，沒看見就不記得」。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
＜原譯＞ p.60
這些補救的方式都不能達到問題的根源，只是使問題更加痛苦罷了。
＜原文＞ p.30
But the attempts at remediation didn’t get at the root of the problem; they just made it more agonizing.
＜試譯＞
這些補救的方式都不是治本之道，只是讓狀況更嚴重而已。
＜譯評＞
1. 原文 “didn’t get at the root of the problem” 譯為「不能達到問題的根源」，將 “get”直譯為「達到」，與中文語法不符，宜轉換語氣以不同的中文語法結構譯出為佳。
原譯「使問題更加痛苦」，但問題本身無所謂「痛不痛苦」，原文 “they just made it more agonizing” 指的應該是「問題更加嚴重，使人更為痛苦」才對。
2008年12月28日 星期日
How the Body Works: The Brain and personality
How the Body Works: The Brain and personality
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=hbm913O6-a8&feature=related
How the Body Works: Medical Health information video
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=hbm913O6-a8&feature=related
How the Body Works: Medical Health information video
The Miracle in Human Brain
The Miracle in Human Brain
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=FZ3401XVYww&feature=related
How your brain works, amazing connections between billions of neuron cells.
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=FZ3401XVYww&feature=related
How your brain works, amazing connections between billions of neuron cells.
How the Body Works : Anatomy of a Nerve
How the Body Works : Anatomy of a Nerve
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=XgIaAs_ONG4&feature=related
Anatomy of a NerveMore than ten thousand million nerve cells and their fibers, or axons, make up the nervous system. The axons are grouped together in nerve trunks containing sensory fibers, which conduct information from the sensory organs to the central nervous system, and motor fibers, which carry information to the central nervous system of the body. The nerve fibers which carry information quickly are enclosed in a thick sheath made of the fatty substance myelin. They are called myelinated nerve fibers. The myelinated sheath has regular indentations along its length called the nodes of Ranvier. The nonmyelinated nerve fibers, which carry information slowly, are grouped together and enclosed in a single sheath.
The anatomy of a nerve includes: the cell body, which is composed of cytoplasm and contains the cell nucleus; the nucleus, which contains the information needed to control the activity of the neuron; the dendrites, outgrowths of the cell body to which and from which they conduct impulses; the epineurium, a fibrous sheath that surrounds the whole nerve; the perineurium, the connective tissue sheath that surrounds bundles of nerve fibers; the endoneurium, the fine sheath of connective tissue around each nerve bundle; the axon, the extended fiber of the nerve cell which carries impulses to and from the cell body; the fatty myelin sheath, the insulating coat that separates the axon in a nerve bundle; the Schwann cell nucleus, the mechanism responsible for the production and maintenance of the myelin sheath and the Nodes of Ranvier, constrictions in the myelin sheath.
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=XgIaAs_ONG4&feature=related
Anatomy of a NerveMore than ten thousand million nerve cells and their fibers, or axons, make up the nervous system. The axons are grouped together in nerve trunks containing sensory fibers, which conduct information from the sensory organs to the central nervous system, and motor fibers, which carry information to the central nervous system of the body. The nerve fibers which carry information quickly are enclosed in a thick sheath made of the fatty substance myelin. They are called myelinated nerve fibers. The myelinated sheath has regular indentations along its length called the nodes of Ranvier. The nonmyelinated nerve fibers, which carry information slowly, are grouped together and enclosed in a single sheath.
The anatomy of a nerve includes: the cell body, which is composed of cytoplasm and contains the cell nucleus; the nucleus, which contains the information needed to control the activity of the neuron; the dendrites, outgrowths of the cell body to which and from which they conduct impulses; the epineurium, a fibrous sheath that surrounds the whole nerve; the perineurium, the connective tissue sheath that surrounds bundles of nerve fibers; the endoneurium, the fine sheath of connective tissue around each nerve bundle; the axon, the extended fiber of the nerve cell which carries impulses to and from the cell body; the fatty myelin sheath, the insulating coat that separates the axon in a nerve bundle; the Schwann cell nucleus, the mechanism responsible for the production and maintenance of the myelin sheath and the Nodes of Ranvier, constrictions in the myelin sheath.
Neurons and How They Work
Neurons and How They Work
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=ysDGX6bOgAw&feature=related
Discovery Channel - Neurons and How They Work
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=ysDGX6bOgAw&feature=related
Discovery Channel - Neurons and How They Work
How the Body Works : Center of Emotion and Memory
How the Body Works : Center of Emotion and Memory
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=lZ4mdXAtnEs&feature=related
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=lZ4mdXAtnEs&feature=related
The limbic system, which is concerned with memory and learning, is also believed to be primarily involved in emotional responses. Emotions are the conscious result of the interaction between the activities of the cerebral cortex, the limbic system and the visceral organs of the body which produce specific physical changes. A number of theories have been postulated to explain this relationship between the body and mind. The emotional responses of any individual are, however, also a product of his knowledge and experience.
The anatomy of the limbic system includes:
The amygdaloid bodies, which contain both incoming and outgoing nerve fibers, and may help to regulate emotions, particularly agression.
The fornix, a thick bundle of nerve fibers which forms the outgoing pathway from the hippocampus.
The afferent fibers bring impulses into the dentate gyrus and the area of Ammon's horn.
The dentate gyrus which lies within the hippocampal sulcus and although its function is not fully understood may relay impulses in the hippocampus.
The subiculum is a region of cortex composed of up to six different cell layers and a multitude of nerve pathways.
Ammon's horn, which merges with the subiculum and contains ovoid and pyramidal cells, the function of which are thought to be associated with memory.
The efferent fibers, which carry information out from Ammon's horn to other regions of the brain.
The hippocampus, which is composed of folded layers of cells and fibers and is associated with emotions, learning and short-term memory.
The parahippocampal gyrus, a highly specialized area of nerve cells concerned with memory pathways.
The mammillary bodies, which have incoming and outgoing nerve fibers and acts as a relay station between the limbic system and the brain.... and the septum pelucidum, which links the amygdala with the hypothalamus and is believed to be concerned with pleasure.
2008年11月27日 星期四
The Executive Brain 大腦總指揮_譯評
【 大腦總指揮 — 一位神經科學家的大腦之旅
The Executive Brain：Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind 】
＜中文版＞
作者：高德伯/著
原文作者：Elkhonon Goldberg
譯者：洪蘭/譯
出版社：遠流
出版日期：2004年03月01日
ISBN：9573251698
＜英文版＞
作者：Goldberg, Elkhonon
出版社：Oxford Univ Pr
出版日期：2002年12月05日
ISBN：0195156307
==================================================
＜原譯＞ p.17
高伯德將這些困難的討論處理的很好，他以生動、幽默的語氣娓娓道來，所以在討論＜情境依賴＞行為時，他會加入狗的討論(一隻沒有額葉的狗會有眼不見為淨的現象) ，這與額葉受傷的病人容易分心、忘記原來在做什麼事的現象一模一樣。他將病人的這種行為與猿類相比，並說他在泰國旅行時曾結交了一個小長臂猿的朋友，牠是普吉島一名餐廳老闆的寵物。
＜原文＞ p.x
Goldberg presents these discussions, which might otherwise be difficult or dense, with great vividness and humor, and with frequent alternations of personal narrative. Thus in the middle of his discussion of “field-dependent” behavior, the incontinent distractibility so characteristic of those with severe frontal lobe damage, Goldberg speaks of dogs, and their relatively “afrontal” behavior, where “out of sight” is “out of mind.” He contrasts this with the behavior of apes, and tells us how, on a trip to Thailand, he once “befriended and was befriended by” a young male gibbon, the pet of a restaurant owner in Phuket:
＜試譯＞
高伯德以極為生動和幽默的方式，穿插著個人經驗來描述這些原本很難解釋清楚的事件。因此，在討論「情境依賴」行為（也就是額葉嚴重受損病人的特有現象「非自主性注意力不集中」）時，高伯德會加入狗的討論，描述他們的共同點是「眼睛看不到的東西就不以為意」。他並將這樣的行為表現和猿類作對照，告訴我們，有一次他到泰國旅行時，普吉島上一間餐廳的老闆養了隻年輕的公長臂猿，他曾和這隻長臂猿成為朋友的經驗：
＜譯評＞
1. “Goldberg presents these discussions, which might otherwise be difficult or dense, with great vividness and humor, and with frequent alternations of personal narrative.” 原譯為「高伯德將這些困難的討論處理的很好，他以生動、幽默的語氣娓娓道來，…」乍看之下覺得譯者將原文內化，描述的也算清楚，但因為隨即接上「所以在討論＜情境依賴＞行為時，他會加入狗的討論...」感覺有點銜接不上。因此認為應將原文中的“with frequent alternations of personal narrative”翻出，感覺比較容易讓讀者進入狀況，瞭解所穿插的部分是高伯德的個人知識和經驗，與後面的泰國普吉島經歷作前後呼應的對照。
2. 譯文中「一隻沒有額葉的狗」，對照到「額葉受傷的病人」，兩者的關係連結較沒有那麼強烈。此外，原文中說的是“those with severe frontal lobe damage”。因此覺得譯為「額葉嚴重受損」較能貼近原文意含的比照。
3. 譯文中「…忘記原來在做什麼事的現象一模一樣。」原文中沒有提到，僅提到「容易分心」，因此應是譯者自行加入補充的句子。感覺上在這裡好像沒有需要多加解釋。
4. 最後一句「他將病人的這種行為與猿類相比，並說他在泰國旅行時曾結交了一個小長臂猿的朋友，牠是普吉島一名餐廳老闆的寵物。」感覺句子已經結束，但其實後面開始要敘述這段經驗，因此覺得應該帶出這個感覺，翻為「他並將這樣的行為表現和猿類作對照，告訴我們，有一次他到泰國旅行時，普吉島上一間餐廳的老闆養了隻年輕的公長臂猿，他曾和這隻長臂猿成為朋友的經驗：」。
==================================================
＜原譯＞ p.18
當然，這是不可能的事，所以高德伯(那時我已經認識他了) 非常傷心地離開泰國 。我很同情他，因為我也有過類似的經驗，想要帶回一隻紅毛猩猩，甚至希望我可以和牠互寄明信片問候。
＜原文＞ p.xi
This, of course, was impossible, and Goldberg (whom I knew by this time) was very sad that he could not do so. I felt a great sympathy for him because I had had an almost identical experience with an orangutan myself and had more than half-wished we could at least send postcards to each other.
＜試譯＞
這當然是不可能的，所以高伯德很傷心。那時已與他相識的我很能理解他當下的心情，因為我也有過同樣的經驗。我曾想要把一隻猩猩帶回家，甚至很希望能和牠互寄明信片彼此問候。
＜譯評＞
1. 原譯中把“…(whom I knew by this time)…”夾在句子當中，讓讀者有情緒被中斷的感覺，也不太能瞭解為何要在此提出他們倆已相識。因此將該括弧中的句子放至下一句，表達「當時他們倆已相識，而且心有戚戚焉」的感覺。
2. 原譯中將最後一個句子作一長句的翻譯，感覺句子很長，認為應可加以斷句，可讓意思表達的更為明確且清楚些。
The Executive Brain：Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind 】
＜中文版＞
作者：高德伯/著
原文作者：Elkhonon Goldberg
譯者：洪蘭/譯
出版社：遠流
出版日期：2004年03月01日
ISBN：9573251698
＜英文版＞
作者：Goldberg, Elkhonon
出版社：Oxford Univ Pr
出版日期：2002年12月05日
ISBN：0195156307
==================================================
＜原譯＞ p.17
高伯德將這些困難的討論處理的很好，他以生動、幽默的語氣娓娓道來，所以在討論＜情境依賴＞行為時，他會加入狗的討論(一隻沒有額葉的狗會有眼不見為淨的現象) ，這與額葉受傷的病人容易分心、忘記原來在做什麼事的現象一模一樣。他將病人的這種行為與猿類相比，並說他在泰國旅行時曾結交了一個小長臂猿的朋友，牠是普吉島一名餐廳老闆的寵物。
＜原文＞ p.x
Goldberg presents these discussions, which might otherwise be difficult or dense, with great vividness and humor, and with frequent alternations of personal narrative. Thus in the middle of his discussion of “field-dependent” behavior, the incontinent distractibility so characteristic of those with severe frontal lobe damage, Goldberg speaks of dogs, and their relatively “afrontal” behavior, where “out of sight” is “out of mind.” He contrasts this with the behavior of apes, and tells us how, on a trip to Thailand, he once “befriended and was befriended by” a young male gibbon, the pet of a restaurant owner in Phuket:
＜試譯＞
高伯德以極為生動和幽默的方式，穿插著個人經驗來描述這些原本很難解釋清楚的事件。因此，在討論「情境依賴」行為（也就是額葉嚴重受損病人的特有現象「非自主性注意力不集中」）時，高伯德會加入狗的討論，描述他們的共同點是「眼睛看不到的東西就不以為意」。他並將這樣的行為表現和猿類作對照，告訴我們，有一次他到泰國旅行時，普吉島上一間餐廳的老闆養了隻年輕的公長臂猿，他曾和這隻長臂猿成為朋友的經驗：
＜譯評＞
1. “Goldberg presents these discussions, which might otherwise be difficult or dense, with great vividness and humor, and with frequent alternations of personal narrative.” 原譯為「高伯德將這些困難的討論處理的很好，他以生動、幽默的語氣娓娓道來，…」乍看之下覺得譯者將原文內化，描述的也算清楚，但因為隨即接上「所以在討論＜情境依賴＞行為時，他會加入狗的討論...」感覺有點銜接不上。因此認為應將原文中的“with frequent alternations of personal narrative”翻出，感覺比較容易讓讀者進入狀況，瞭解所穿插的部分是高伯德的個人知識和經驗，與後面的泰國普吉島經歷作前後呼應的對照。
2. 譯文中「一隻沒有額葉的狗」，對照到「額葉受傷的病人」，兩者的關係連結較沒有那麼強烈。此外，原文中說的是“those with severe frontal lobe damage”。因此覺得譯為「額葉嚴重受損」較能貼近原文意含的比照。
3. 譯文中「…忘記原來在做什麼事的現象一模一樣。」原文中沒有提到，僅提到「容易分心」，因此應是譯者自行加入補充的句子。感覺上在這裡好像沒有需要多加解釋。
4. 最後一句「他將病人的這種行為與猿類相比，並說他在泰國旅行時曾結交了一個小長臂猿的朋友，牠是普吉島一名餐廳老闆的寵物。」感覺句子已經結束，但其實後面開始要敘述這段經驗，因此覺得應該帶出這個感覺，翻為「他並將這樣的行為表現和猿類作對照，告訴我們，有一次他到泰國旅行時，普吉島上一間餐廳的老闆養了隻年輕的公長臂猿，他曾和這隻長臂猿成為朋友的經驗：」。
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＜原譯＞ p.18
當然，這是不可能的事，所以高德伯(那時我已經認識他了) 非常傷心地離開泰國 。我很同情他，因為我也有過類似的經驗，想要帶回一隻紅毛猩猩，甚至希望我可以和牠互寄明信片問候。
＜原文＞ p.xi
This, of course, was impossible, and Goldberg (whom I knew by this time) was very sad that he could not do so. I felt a great sympathy for him because I had had an almost identical experience with an orangutan myself and had more than half-wished we could at least send postcards to each other.
＜試譯＞
這當然是不可能的，所以高伯德很傷心。那時已與他相識的我很能理解他當下的心情，因為我也有過同樣的經驗。我曾想要把一隻猩猩帶回家，甚至很希望能和牠互寄明信片彼此問候。
＜譯評＞
1. 原譯中把“…(whom I knew by this time)…”夾在句子當中，讓讀者有情緒被中斷的感覺，也不太能瞭解為何要在此提出他們倆已相識。因此將該括弧中的句子放至下一句，表達「當時他們倆已相識，而且心有戚戚焉」的感覺。
2. 原譯中將最後一個句子作一長句的翻譯，感覺句子很長，認為應可加以斷句，可讓意思表達的更為明確且清楚些。
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